Background

Perbedaan RISC dan CISC

 
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Pengenalan Desain dan Analisis Keamanan Jaringan

A. Pendahuluan

Merupakan bahasan mengenai bagaimana keamanan jaringan komputer dilihat dari segi desain dan analisis dari jaringan komputer. Keamanan jaringan komputer begitu menjadi penting pada saat ini, pernyataan ini bukan tanpa alasan, jika kita perhatikan perkembangan dari teknologi informasi dengan terhubungnya LAN atau komputer ke Internet membuka potensi adanya lubang keamanan {security hole} yang tadinya bisa ditutupi dengan mekanisme keamanan secara fisik.
Dengan membuat sistem keamanan komputer maka kita akan melindungi data agar tidak dapat diakses oleh orang yang tidak berhak. Pada kebanyakan kasus, biaya sekuriti secara eksponensial akan terus meningkat manakala level sekuriti mendekati level 100 persen.

B. Komponen Jaringan Komputer 

Komputer merupakan komponen utama dalam membangun jaringan. Namun kita perlu mengetahui bagaimana komputer tersebut saling berhubungan antara satu dengan lainnya. Untuk membangun sebuah jaringan, secara umum kita membutuhkan dua macam perangkatperangkat keras (peripheral) dan perangkat lunak (software). Perangkat keras yang dimaksud di sini mencakup, network interface card (NIC), hub, switch dan bridge, router, kabel. Perangkat lunak yang jelas dibutuhkan adalah sistem operasi jaringan.
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Membuat Lima Pertanyaan

1. Bagaimana gambaran informasi yang terkandung dalam BPDU yang digunakan oleh switch? (Pilih dua)
• to determine which ports are placed in forwarding mode
• to determine the root bridge
• to set the duplex mode of a redundant link
• to activate looped paths throughout the network
• to prevent loops by sharing routing tables between connected switches

2. Protokol yang akan digunakan untuk membuat panggilan VoIP (paket suara)?
• TCP
• PPP
• HDLC
• UDP

3. Di dalam jaringan perusahaan, ada dua cara keanggotaan VLAN dapat dibuat. Bagaimana caranya ? (Pilih dua.)
• allowing the user to choose a specific VLAN through a GUI menu 
• manually configuring the switch ports to be part of a VLAN • configuring the switch to allow VLAN membership based on NetBIOS association
• implementing an access list that specifies which devices are placed into specific VLANs.
• manually configuring the host devices to be part of a VLAN
• associating MAC addresses to specific VLANs in a VLAN management policy server database

4. Ada sebuah perusahaan sedang mengembangkan sebuah toko Internet untuk situs webnya. Protokol apa yang harus digunakan untuk mentransfer informasi kartu kredit dari pelanggan ke web server perusahaan?
• FTPS
• HTTP
• HTTPS
• WEP2
• TFTP  

5. Apakah jenis alamat dari 192.168.17.111/28?
• host address
• network address
• broadcast address
• multicast address
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Membuat Jaringan Lokal




Ini adalah tugas CCNA untuk membuat sebuah jaringan lokal yang dapat terhubung dengan internet. Dari gambar dapat dilihat bahwa ada 5 komputer yang terhubung dengan sebuah Hub, dan agar dapat terhubung dengan internet maka kita harus menghubungkan hub dengan Linksys. Dan ini adalah sebuah gambaran dasar bagaimana membuat sebuah jaringan lokal.

Untuk filenya dapat didownload di sini
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Lab 10.0.2.2 Finding the Right Networking Job

Step 1: Perform a Skills Strength and Interest Assessment
Several career paths are available for individuals interested in an IT career. If you have not already
participated in a strength and interest assessment, or if you have not yet determined which career path is of interest to you, research some of the tools available. They can help provide a starting point for an IT career selection. There are many resources available – the list below is only a small sampling.
Resources available:
  • Secondary school guidance departments and local college career departments can provide helpful information.
  • Public libraries or websites, such as amazon.com, offer books on researching career choices and skill strength assessments such as: Information Technology Jobs in America [2007] Corporate & Government Career Guide (Paperback) by Info Tech Employment (Editor), Discover What You’re Best At by Linda Gale, The IT Career Builder’s Toolkit by Matthew Moran
  • Company websites offering a mix of free and fee related services, such as:
Promoting IT Careers: Virtual Field Trips –
http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/netacad/career_connection/promoteIT/VFT/index.html
Cisco Networking Academy Career Connection – http://cc.netacad.net/home.do#
CompTIA TechCareer Compass – http://tcc.comptia.org/default.aspx
CyberCareers for the Net Generation – http://www.cybercareers.org/students/itcareercenter/
Quintcareers – http://www.quintcareers.com/student.html
During your search, remember that many IT careers are not limited to IT Companies, but may be associated with the Education, Healthcare, Finance, or Manufacturing industries.
a. Use one of the resources above or similar resources to research possible career choices in the
networking field. For example, in addition to identifying skill strengths, the CompTIA TechCareer Compass site has a page via the Explore Job Roles link (http://tcc.comptia.org/job_roles.aspx) that allows you to search for a job based on a job title or job criteria. If you are not sure of a job title, the Search Using Job Concentrations section of that page lists job roles that are divided into three areas: Administration, Development, and Integration. Clicking one of the three areas displays a list of job titles. You can then click any title to see a description of critical job functions, compare your skill strengths with the position requirements, and identify the certifications required for the job.
b. Select one of the job titles that is of interest to you as a possible career path.
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Lab 9.4.2 Presenting the Project Proposal

Task 1: Prepare for the Presentation

Step 1: Review the content
a. Ensure that your presentation is complete.
b. Review the content to ensure that there are no technical errors.
c. Rehearse the presentation to become familiar with the flow of the content and develop a sense of the timing required.

Step 2: Prepare for questions
Your presentation may seem complete and clear to you, but to others there may be points that need clarifying or that contain too much information.
Read through your presentation as if seeing it for the first time, Note the points that you would ask questions about. Remind yourself that you will not be able to prepare for every possible question.

Step 3: Prepare yourself
Your instructor will advise you on the details (time. location, audience) of the presentation class. On the day of the presentation, try to observe the following guidelines:
a. If possible, and appropriate, wear professional attire.
b. Try not to be too nervous. The other students in your class are probably feeling the same as you are.
c. If other students are presenting before or after you, give them your attention and participate in the class. Do not think too much about your presentation but focus instead on what is happening in the class.
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Lab 9.4.1 Compiling the Documentation

Task 1: Compile the Project Proposal

Step 1: Finalize the documentation requirements
a. Finalize the documentation created in the previous labs and in your project portfolio.
b. Insert and compile the information under the following headings:
  • Executive Summary
  • Network Requirements
  • Current Network Environment
  • Proposed Physical Design
  • Proposed Logical Design
  • Implementation Plan
  • Cost Proposal
Step 2: Prepare the cover page
Include a cover page at the beginning of the proposal. The cover page describes the proposal, including the RFP or solicitation number and date, the customer contact information, and the vendor name and contact information.
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Lab 9.3.4 Creating the Bill Of Material

Step 1: List the items required
a. Use the table below, or create a similar one, to list all the items and equipment that need to be purchased for the FilmCompany network upgrade project.
b. Search the Internet or use information provided by your instructor to add possible suppliers or vendors to the BOM table.
c. Add costs to the BOM. Where possible, obtain costs from local vendors and suppliers. If this information is not readily available, your instructor will provide estimated costs for you to use.

Step 2: Determine the software requirements
a. During the early stages of the network Design Phase, existing applications were identified. Add new applications required by the network upgrade to the BOM. Categorize these as either Network or Specialist applications.
b. Add the new applications, installation costs, and required training to the BOM with the identified hardware. Also indicate whether the network upgrade requires additional licenses to be purchased for existing software applications.

Step 3: Add maintenance contracts
a. Investigate the maintenance support service contracts available for both the new and existing equipment.
b. Add the details and costs to the BOM.

Step 4: Create the BOM
a. Create the BOM using word processing or spreadsheet software. Using a spreadsheet will facilitate the calculation of total costs and enable easy updating of the document if costs or quantities are amended.
b. Save this file and include it in the proposal document. Add a hardcopy of the file to your portfolio.
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Lab 9.2.4 Creating an Installation Schedule

Step 1: List and prioritize the tasks that require downtime on the current network
List the tasks that require network downtime.

Step 2: Document the required downtime on the project timeline
Sometimes it is not possible to complete all of the required tasks during an approved maintenance window. If an installation task requires the network, or part of the network, to be down during normal business hours, it is important to obtain permission from the customer. As soon as the time frame is determined and approved, all the people involved need to be notified accordingly.
a. List those tasks that can be completed during a scheduled maintenance window.
b. List those tasks that require the network to be down during normal business hours.

Step 3: Document customer approved downtime
a. Indicate on the Installation Plan Timeline when the network downtime will occur.
b. Include a provision for customer approval to be recorded for this downtime.
c. Include a task that requires that the users who will be affected are notified with adequate advance notice of the network downtime. Ensure that the users are also notified when the network or service returns to full operation.
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Lab 9.2.3 Creating a Timeline

Step 1: List and prioritize the factors affecting the timeline
Note issues such as equipment and material availability, skilled personnel, and customer requirements that should be considered for the following factors when developing a project timeline. Consider the possibility that the project might not begin on the proposed start date.
Equipment order and delivery
Service installation, such as WAN links
Customer schedule, including available maintenance and downtime windows
Availability of appropriate technical personnel

Step 2: Complete the time details for each installation phase
The FilmCompany network upgrade is linked to the StadiumCompany network redevelopment. It would be efficient to align the FilmCompany stadium remote site work with that project. The StadiumCompany RFP states that the project must be completed during the off-season for the two teams. This requirement gives the project a timeline of four months, which can be also applied to the FilmCompany upgrade.
a. On the table created in Lab 9.2.1 for Phase 1, fill in the Date information:
  • Install Distribution and Core Layer equipment
  • Configure new IP addressing & VLAN scheme
  • Configure routing
b. On the table for Phase 2, fill in the Date information:
  • Upgrade the WAN connectivity
  • Extend the network to the remote site
  • Configure Access Control Lists & security
c. On the table for Phase 3, fill in the Date information:
  • Install and configure the wireless and associated mobility network equipment
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Lab 9.2.2 Creating a Phased Installation Plan


Step 1: Compare the installation methods
There are three possible installation methods:
  • New installation, commonly referred to as a green field installation
  • Phased installation into an existing, functioning network
  • Complete replacement, commonly referred to as a fork-lift upgrade
Consider and list the advantages and disadvantages of the three installation methods.
New Installation

Advantages:
Semua peralatan dan layanan dapat diinstal dan diuji pada saat yang sama.
Rencana implementasi untuk jaringan baru kurang kompleks dibandingkan dengan dua jenis instalasi.
Jadwal lebih fleksibel daripada ketika jaringan yang ada di tempat.
Ada gangguan minimal terhadap perusahaan.
Disadvantages:
Modal besar karena semua peralatan dan layanan yang diinstal pada waktu yang sama.
Phased Installation into Existing Network
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Lab 9.2.1 Creating an Implementation Plan

Step 1: Determine the tasks to implement the network design
Implementing a network design requires the completion of a set of tasks, such as installing hardware,
configuring systems, testing the network, and launching the network into production. Each task consists of several steps.
Each task requires the following documentation:
  • A description of the task
  • References to design documents
  • Detailed implementation guidelines
  • Detailed rollback guidelines in case of failure
  • The estimated time required for implementation
  • Completion sign-off
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Lab 9.1.2 Editing and Organizing the Existing Information

Step 1: Collate and organize the information
a. Gather and read through all the project documents that you created in previous labs.
b. Ensure that multipage documents are together and that the pages are in the correct sequence.

Step 2: Review the existing information
Ensure that the documents are complete and contain the information specified. Any incomplete documents, or missing information that was not recorded at the time of that lab, now need to be checked and included at this stage.
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Lab 8.3.2 Creating a VPN Connectivity Test Plan

Step 1: Review the VPN Design Test Plan
Review the VPN Design Test Plan. Note the tests that the designer indicates are necessary to perform using the prototype network.

Test 1: Description and purpose:
EasyVPN Server Setup Verifikasi

Test 2: Description and purpose:
Konektivitas Test Klien VPN

Step 2: Review the Equipment section
Which device will be used as the VPN server in the prototype network? 1841 Router
What IOS version is necessary to configure the EasyVPN server? Advanced Layanan IP versi 12,4 atau di atas dan Cisco SDM
Is equipment available in your lab with the correct IOS to build the prototype network configuration?

Step 3: Review the Design and Topology section
At the top of this lab, the actual VPN topology is shown, as well as the topology being used in the prototype test. Compare both topologies. Remote workers usually connect to the Internet and then use client software to create the VPN tunnel to the server. In the prototype environment, the connection between the VPN client and the VPN server is a much more direct connection.
What is the risk of testing the VPN operation in a prototype environment?
Kondisi dunia nyata tidak dapat dengan mudah disimulasikan. Server VPN akan memberikan alamat logis ke remote host H1 yang berlaku di jaringan internal. Alamat ini akan ditugaskan secara dinamis, ketika terowongan VPN dibuat.

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Lab 8.2.6 Evaluating the Prototype Test

Step 1: Identify if weaknesses are present in the design
Is the Frame Relay WAN design able to scale to meet the expected growth?
Ya, layanan Frame Relay biasanya sangat terukur. CIR tambahan dapat dibeli dan sirkuit tambahan dapat ditambahkan jika diperlukan.

Do the results of the prototype test indicate that the Frame Relay configuration will work as expected?
Karena sebuah router bertindak sebagai saklar Frame Relay simulasi, tidak ada cara untuk menguji bandwidth dan kinerja Frame Relay nyata switched jaringan. Karena tidak mungkin untuk menguji kemampuan melalui jaringan Frame Relay TSP sebenarnya ada risiko yang berkaitan dengan desain.
Are there any weaknesses associated with using the VPN connections as backup to the Frame Relay WAN?
Walaupun pengujian memverifikasi bahwa fungsi Ethernet berbasis simulasi backup, ini tidak cukup mensimulasikan penggunaan link VPN sebagai link Fast Ethernet jauh lebih cepat daripada VPN khas. Daerah yang paling kritis risiko adalah kinerja dari link VPN sebagai backup dalam jaringan nyata. Apabila komponen suara dan video dari jaringan ditambahkan ke WAN lalu lintas yang ada, mungkin ada masalah kualitas layanan jika koneksi VPN harus digunakan. VPN arus melalui ISP tidak memiliki tingkat jaminan pelayanan. Selain itu, tidak memiliki mekanisme untuk menyediakan QoS. Akibatnya, link cadangan hanya bisa menyediakan konektivitas terbatas dalam hal kegagalan.

Will a failure of the primary link cause the FilmCompany to lose connectivity to the Stadium LAN?
Tidak, link backup dengan rute statis mengambang akan diaktifkan untuk menyediakan konektivitas ketika F primer / link R gagal.

Does the EIGRP authentication provide for a secure transmission of the routing updates?
Ya, meskipun penggunaan Pesan Digest 5 (MD5). Kombinasi kunci pengenal dan antarmuka yang terkait dengan pesan unik mengidentifikasi algoritma otentikasi dan kunci MD5 otentikasi digunakan.

Step 2: Determine what the risks are of not correcting the weaknesses
If, in Step 1, you identify weaknesses in the proposed design, what risks do these weaknesses present to
FilmCompany?
Risikonya adalah bahwa jaringan Frame Relay bawah beban aktual pengguna yang sebenarnya tidak akan melakukan serta link disimulasikan dalam prototipe. Juga, link VPN cadangan disimulasikan mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang diharapkan dalam hal pemulihan menggunakan link VPN nyata bukan link FastEthernet simulasi. Penerimaan akhir dari desain mungkin harus menunggu sampai hasil instalasi pilot diketahui.

Step 3: Suggest ways that the design can be improved to reduce the risk
In what ways could the proposed design be improved to reduce the areas of risk?
Jika waktu dan uang mengizinkan, uji coba dapat dijalankan di mana sirkuit F/R sementara dengan CIR tertentu bisa dipasang dengan kerjasama layanan yang disediakan dan beban uji simulasi dapat dihasilkan pada berbagai waktu untuk memastikan kinerja di bawah tinggi -volume kondisi. Tingkat perjanjian layanan (SLA) juga bisa dinegosiasikan untuk menyediakan asuransi yang rangkaian akan bekerja seperti yang diharapkan selama periode beban puncak. Sehubungan dengan link backup VPN, pilot dapat termasuk penggunaan koneksi VPN aktual melalui link DSL ke lebih akurat menunjukkan kemampuan pemulihan dari desain yang diusulkan.

Step 4: Document the weaknesses and risks on the test plan
In the Results and Conclusions section of the test plan, record any weaknesses, risks, and suggested improvements.

Step 4: Reflection
Why do you think it is important to identify weaknesses and risks in the proposed design before presenting it to the customer? What are some reasons that weaknesses cannot be corrected?
Adalah penting untuk mengidentifikasi kelemahan dan risiko dalam desain yang diusulkan sebelum menyajikannya kepada pelanggan untuk memastikan bahwa pelanggan memahami keterbatasan prototipe dan tidak mengarah pada memiliki harapan yang tidak realistis berdasarkan prototipe. Mungkin tidak mungkin untuk mengimbangi semua kelemahan yang dapat diidentifikasi karena waktu, uang atau kendala personil. Risiko harus dianalisa dan seimbang terhadap variabel-variabel lainnya.
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Lab 8.2.5 Configuring and Verifying WAN Backup Links

Task 1: Build the Network. Task Complete
Step 1 Connect devices
a. Connect the routers as shown in the topology diagram. Refer to the Test Plan in Lab 8.2.2 for cabling required.
b. For each of the routers to be configured, use the erase startup-config and the reload commands from the privileged EXEC prompt, to ensure that you are starting with a clean configuration.


Task 2: Configure Router ISPX as a Backup. Task Complete

Step 1: Perform basic configuration of the ISPX router
Connect a PC to the console port of the router to perform configurations using a terminal emulation program.
Configure the router with hostname, passwords, message-of-the–day, and no ip domain lookup.
Router(config)#hostname ISPX
ISPX(config)#line console 0
ISPX(config-line)#password cisco
ISPX(config-line)#login
ISPX(config-line)#exit
ISPX(config)#line vty 0 4
ISPX(config-line)#password cisco
ISPX(config-line)#login
ISPX(config-line)#exit
ISPX(config)#enable password cisco
ISPX(config)#enable secret class
ISPX(config)#no ip domain-lookup
ISPX(config)#banner motd #Unauthorized use prohibited#

Step 2: Configure ISPX router FastEthernet interfaces
Configure the FastEthernet interfaces for the backup links to the Edge2 and BR3 routers. Configure a description and the IP address, and activate each interface.

Step 3: Configure a static route on the ISPX router to the FilmCompany local network
On the ISPX router, configure a normal static route to the BR3 network 172.18.225.0/25 via the Fa0/0 interface on BR3.

Step 4: Configure a static route on the ISPX router to the stadium local network
On the ISPX router, configure a normal static route to the Edge2 network 172.18.3.0/24 via the Fa0/1 interface on Edge2.
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Lab 8.2.2 Creating a WAN Connectivity Test Plan

Task 1: Review the Supporting Documentation

Step 1: Refer to the WAN Design Test Plan document provided for this lab
Download the WAN Design Test Plan. What is the purpose of this WAN design test? Which elements
of the design will be tested using this plan?
The purpose of this prototype is to demonstrate the use of Frame Relay WAN links to connect a remote site router to a central site router through a router that simulates a Frame Relay switch. Backup Ethernet links from the remote site and central site to a 4th router simulate a VPN backup capability and provide an alternate path in the event that one of the Frame Relay WAN links goes down.
a. Document the purpose of the test in the Introduction section of the WAN Design Test Plan.
b.Review the tests that will be run to validate the prototype.

Step 2: Review the equipment needed to perform the tests
Review the list of all equipment needed to build the prototype and to perform the tests. Be sure to include
cables, optional connectors or components, and software. If the recommended equipment is not available in your lab, discuss possible substitutes with your instructor and classmates, based on interface requirements of the topology.
a. If substitute equipment must be used, list the devices here:
b. Determine the amount of each type of cabling necessary to create the prototype test topology. Record the information on the Equipment chart in the WAN Design Test Plan.
c. Document any special configuration or cabling issues that might arise if substitute equipment is used.
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Lab 8.1.3 Simulating WAN Connectivity

Step 1: Connect the PCs to the router console ports
a. Referring to the topology diagram, connect a console cable from PC1 to the console port on R1. Connect a console cable from PC2 to the console port on R2.
b. Apply power to all PCs and routers.
c. Open a HyperTerminal session on each PC and establish a session to the respective router.

Step 2: Configure the serial interface on R1
Within the global configuration mode of R1, enter the following commands:
Router(config)#hostname Router1
Router1(config)#interface serial 0/1/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#end
Router1#
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Lab 7.3.6 Identifying Risks and Weaknesses in the Design


Task 1: Identify areas of risk and weakness in the server farm implementation

Step 1: Analyze the physical topology
Examine the server farm topology as one entity and as a part of the entire FilmCompany topology. Look for each of the risks and weaknesses listed in the chart. Describe the devices, connections, and issues that you find, or record None found if the design appears to avoid risks in that area.
Weakness
Risk
Description of Location and Devices
Single point of failure
If a device fails, a portion of the network will be inoperable.

Large failure domain
If a device or link fails, a large portion of the network will be affected

Possible bottlenecks
If the traffic volume increases, there
is a potential for response time to
degrade.

Limited scalability
If the network grows more rapidly than expected, a costly upgrade will be needed.

Overly-complex design
If the design is too complex, the current staff will not be able to support it properly.

Other possible
weaknesses (specify):



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